Federalism was implemented in Nigeria as way back as 1946 during the British colonial era. 7 Reasons for Federalism in Nigeria: Why Nigeria Adopted Federal System To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Federalism: Federal Features in the Colonial State." A chronology of critical events in Nigeria's political development from the adoption of a federal system in 1954 to the present is provided in Table 1. 7 Topics . Biafrans who are geographically in the South and SouthEast of Ni-geria feel and believe that their economic and developmental prowess are not well represented in the Nigerian state, and this lack of representation leads to marginalization. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. For citation see: http://www.cejiss.org/issue-detail/biafra-s-resurgence-state-failure-insecurity-and-separatist-agitations-in-nigeria. The Evolution, Development and Practice of Federalism in Nigeria } !1AQa"q2#BR$3br /Resources << In a Unitary system, the minority states cannot govern the entire region which is controlled by majority. Local Government In Nigeria : Definition, Functions, And Importance, Bad Leadership Causes, Effects And Solutions In Nigeria, How To Calculate OAU Aggregate Score for Admission, Best Education Websites and Blogs In Nigeria (2021), Lakzeland Regional High School Board Of Education, Student Loan Planning Educational Webinar With Justin Rice, Is Agricultural Chemicals a Good Career Path? Problems facing the legal profession in Nigeria, History of the legal profession in Nigeria, Problems of Local Government in Nigeria And Solutions, 5 important Characteristic of customary law, Sources of Nigerian Law: everything you need to know. Federalism as said earlier decentralizes power. Bashar Abubakar Bukkuyum This is good 'nd thank you Blogger. Nigeria can be said to be operating the federal system of government, whereas in actual practice, the country is tending towards a unitary system. Your email address will not be published. 3. Present Nigeria was formed by the amalgamation of two regions which many see as a big influence in why federalism was later adopted by the British and later on by Nigerian leaders as at the time of independence. The crux of the matter is that the minorities fear the domination of the majorities, but federalism allows them some independent existence, and as such, their fears, both real and fancied, are allayed. Evidently, Nigeria's political culture. What are the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? Political institutions, Kinship ties, Origin of towns and their cultural antecedents are enriched with similar history. The second theory focuses on the existence of external military or diplomatic threat for the origin of federalism. From the above explanation, one can rightly say that the constitution of Nigeria and United States of America are federal constitutions while the constitution of France and the Republic of Ireland are Unitary constitutions. Pillars of democracy: 7 Essential pillars of democracy. He rejects the assertion that Revenue Allocation and Economic Development in Nigeria: An Empirical FRED EKPE F. AYOKHAI, Peter W I L F R E D Naankiel, This study, using content analysis, examined the impact of fiscal federalism and the struggles of ethnic minority groups in the Niger Delta on the trajectories of the national question in Nigeria. The paper suggested that fiscal and political restructuring as panacea for the instituted conflicts and underdevelopment caused by quasi federalism through ongoing review of the 1999 constitution. There must be a formal decision of government powers by the constitution between the federal and state government. In this paper I explain the hows and whys of the minorities continued disadvantaged status in spite of the far-reaching steps that have been taken to ameliorate, if not eliminate, the problem. reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria pdf. By the time Nigeria became a republic, the system of federalism was adopted and the country was considered as a federation of three regions. Reasons for the Adoption of Federalism in Nigeria | LearnAllinfo The states were later increased to 30 states. /Subtype /Image The Attorney General sought to know whether the 13% sharing formula of the oil producing states should include revenue from oil producing states should include revenue from oil production activities off shore. Again, in 1967 twelve states were created to appease the interest of those clamoring for states and weaken the geo-political holds of Biafra. Critically, after that train, every other train went to Nigeria from Nigeria, indicating the enormity of the wall of enmity demarcating Nigeria from the sovereign State of Biafra. Matters, enumerated in the exclusive list are selected for the federal authority, while matters that fall within the concurrent list are selected for the federal government, and the regions. POL 124 MAIN CONTENT Mar 21, 2011 NEW (1), Resource Control, Federalism and Peace in the Niger Delta: A Reflection on Nigeria at Fifty, Federalism and Revenue Allocation in Nigeria: A Critical Evaluation of the Derivation Principle, Legal Framework for Fiscal Federalism: Issues and Options for Reform, RESOURCE CONTROL, REVENUE ALLOCATION AND PETROLEUM POLITICS IN NIGERIA: THE NIGER DELTA QUESTION, Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations in Nigeria's Fourth Republic: Issues and Challenges, The Nigerian State and the Quest for Restructuring: Implications for Democratic Consolidation, Federalism, Democracy and Constitutionalism: The Nigerian Experience. The analysis of the emerging issues and scenarios as well as the response options aims at supporting the efforts of different stakeholders including the Federal government on managing the current pro-Biafra agitation. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ +roiF9_? AK ku nh4P9\ }}31Ik "V mk@G~ . I have said that Nigeria is reputed to be the largest black country around, even Nigeria has claimed to be the giant of Africa by . Meaningful studies, especially the comparative study of Vile, have significantly shown that emerging challenges of conflict, cooperation and competition amongst levels of government in classical federalist states such as U.S., Canada and Australia, are important rationales for federating as well as the hallmarks of federal government (Vile, cited in Jinadu, 1979). Political culture of Nigeria: 3.4 4. It submits that the problem with constitutionalism in Nigeria is poor leadership and poor implementation of the Constitution. Federalism shares power between the central and regional governments; thus promoting efficiency in service delivery and governance. Insecurity and the desire for union are the main reasons for the shift from unitary system of government to federal system of government in 1954. This research work x-rayed federalism in Nigeria as the only basis upon which Nigeria can remain united despite its diversity and peculiar conditions in which the different tribal groups live in and proffers solutions to the challenges of the practice of . Here, the Attorney General of the Federation Instituted the case to test the true position so that the federal government would be guided on the varying issues of derivation formula. - Cooperative or "marble-cake" federalism is de ned as a exible relationship between the national and state government in which both work together on a variety of issues and programs. Do you know the reasons for federalism in Nigeria? This was a period when long efforts were made to identify the legal relationships between the Leagues and the City States (Mogi, 1931:21). Defence, Security, Economy and Development, Chigozirim Odinkalu, Ebenebe Ernest Onyeka, Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies (eJECS), International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences(IJRESS), Glocalism: Journal of Culture, Politics and Innovation, African Journal of Governance and Development, Calabar Journal of Politics and Administration. It argues that although deficient in popular sovereignty, the Constitutions legitimacy is moot since it is the operative law that governs the country. At the heart of these crises are weak democratic institutions, which are sustained by bad leadership and a culture of impunity. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Granted is the fact that federalism was launched in Nigeria by expatriate leaders, its continued existence since independence is standing firm on the interest of the indegeneous leaders. 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In a unitary constitution which opposes federal principles, everything belongs to the central government; the federating unit does not exist, let alone agitating for resource control. Besides the Big Three - Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba, there are other macro and micro ethnic minorities in the country. Federalism therefore involves the linkage of individuals, groups and policies in lasting but limited union in such a way as to provide for the energetic pursuit of common goals while maintaining the respective integrities of all parties. /F2 9 0 R What a nice article, very educative for students in school, Could you please explain fear of minorities, Could you please explain fear of minorities, Economic factors and Diversities in culture. . /BitsPerComponent 8 Nigeria's founding fathers desired a federal political framework, believing that federal states have the structural capacity to accommodate diversity. Unfortunately, since the formation of Nigeria and adoption of this system of governance in the country has not seen much effect of federalism. Nigeria: A Federation in Search of Federalism 2) The Problem of Minorities: In Nigeria, there are majority groups and minority groups. Keywords: Federalism, Nigeria, ethnic groups, federal character principle . /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ (PDF) Federalism in Nigeria -Problems, Prospects and the Imperative of Federalism is a type of government in which the sovereign authority of political power is usually divided between two units. This prototype edition of the daily Federal Register on FederalRegister.gov will remain an unofficial informational resource until the Administrative Committee of the Federal Register (ACFR) issues a regulation granting it official legal status. examines the question on why federalism has not succeeded in managing and accommodating diversity in Nigeria. five reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria explained. Federalism And Intergovernmental Relations In Nigeria - Samphina Federalism in India. /Length 14727 Northern Cameroons should remain with Northern Nigeria but Southern Cameroon should be granted autonomy with a legislature of its own. Another cogent reason for federalism in Nigeria is the fear of marginalization. >> Federalism in Nigeria - Wikipedia PDF Federalism in Nigeria: Accommodating Diversity and Promoting Stability stream Federalism in Nigeria can be traced to Sir Frederick Lord Lugard , when the Northern and Southern protectorates were amalgamated in 1914. In developing countries like India, Iraq and Nigeria, federalism has either failed to close developmental gaps and ethno-communal tensions among various states or, more worryingly, in some. Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. w !1AQaq"2B #3Rbr In Nigerian democracy, there is a federalist system of government. Before the amalgamation of the Northern Protectorate and the Southern Protectorate in 1914, there was nothing like Nigeria. He is also a Developer with knowledge in HTML, CSS, JS, PHP and React Native. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. /Type /XObject Do you want to know the basis and the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? Nigeria and Ghana can not easily form a country chiefly because they are not geographically contiguous. Emphasis on indigeneity, the federal revenue allocation formula and the increasing formalization of the 'federal character' principle, to mention only a few issues, increase sources of tensions and potential conflicts. This regional arrangement gave rise to ethnic sentiment and political struggle for the center among the three major ethnic groups in Nigeria. ff>qsfN? Under this type, there exist a balkanization of formerly unitary state near disintegration and its diversities which progress to a state. The Challenge of Domesticating Children's Rights Treaties in Nigeria If the desire to remain separate does not exist, the the association will not be federal but unitary with some delegation of powers to local government. Section 10 of the constitution rule outs the adoption of any religion as a state religion either. government and the governed by enhancing political cohesion in such country with regional, ethic, racial, linguistic and cultural diversity like Nigeria. This notwithstanding, the concept of federalism boasts of a very popular definition by an American scholar, K.C. Manages And Maintains And Secures Nigeria. Moreover, As a result, issues relating to marginalization, economic imbalance, social alienation, ethnic suspicion and superior-subordination contestation are recurring malaises in the system. The United States, Canada, India, France and Australia adopted federalism because of the desire for security by the various ethnic units. Samuel is bent on changing the legal profession by building Web and Mobile Apps that will make legal research a lot easier. The size of Nigeria is therefore managed and maintained with federalism. The USSR was an example of this type of federalism. Also read: Highest paying law firms in Nigeria. In the words of Richards, regionalism was introduced to strengthen unity in diversity. Common national, racial, religious, cultural linguistic or social ties have often contributed to the unification of political unit. or this it really helped me, Your email address will not be published. THE THEME OF IMAGERY AND SYMBOLISM IN THE IPOB SECESSIONIST STRUGGLE, Abdul's Assignment on 711 Dr. Usman Mohammed, A nation divided against itself: Biafra and the conflicting online protest discourses, Ethnicity, Political Exclusion and the Resurgence of Separatism in South-Eastern, Nigeria, Hands Behind their backs: Making a case for a region-centred restructuring framework, THE EFFECT OF CRIMINAL INJUSTICE AGAINST EASTERN NIGERIA AND THE DEMAND FOR SELF-DETERMINATION BY IPOB. Indeed, whatever scholarly connotations they bear, one strongly believes that they all enjoy one clear focus. Download Defensive Federalism [PDF] Format for Free - Clemson Parade of diversities helps in a nations decision to adopt the aggregative or disaggregative type of federalism. 4 Topics . However, it is also fact that since independence Nigeria has promulgated several constitutions and that if Nigeria wanted an alternative system of government, she could have opted for it. Are there certain inherent and primordial grievances and preferences? It discovered a positive relationship between the changes in the fiscal structure and the aggravation of ethnic minorities' struggles. However, that is not so in a federal government system. Also see: Differences between Cross-offers and counter-offers, five reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria. Everybody would likely agree that the conscious awareness and awakening of the course of who is who invariably determines who gets what, perhaps when and how. CLICK HERE To Pay With Debit Card ($15) GHANA - Make Payment of 80 GHS to MTN MoMo, 0553978005, Douglas Osabutey. Then Nigeria was organised into a federation that had three regions. Between 1960 and 1996, the three regions have been divided into smaller entities which are now known as states and their boundaries were reorganised. In 1954, the Nigerian founding fathers opted for a federal system of government despite its inherent challenges in a pluralistic society. Resource control: 3.7 7. 2. s" Thus, federalism seemed to be the only option left for Nigeria because it allows for popular participation in government. This type of government is also known as a "federation" or a "federal state" in common parlance (eg., United States of America). Evidently, Nigerias political culture was federalism friendly and that gave rise to easy adoption of federalism. Thus, Nigeria's federalism is not only complex but also hard to understand. a system of state organization, to bring a workable polity with a just moral order is the reason why states adopt or should adopt federalism. There are three major tribes in Nigeria namely Hausa, Igbo, and Yoruba. Trouble for INEC staff who violated Electoral Act during presidential polls as c 53 things to do with your boyfriend: fun ways to spend time together, Presidential election: Jack-Rich salutes Tinubu, Shettima over victory, Maritime workers hail Supreme Court over old naira notes, says cargo can now leave ports, Dating apps in Nigeria: best applications to help you find the one. Constitutionalism in Nigeria has been crisis-ridden since independence in 1960. This has led to a deep sense of alienation and politics of ethnic identity. In 1939 sir Bernard Bourdillion made a serious constitutional proposal which concluded having regional councils with a central council in Lagos. It needs proper review so that the country can move forward as a nation. The governmental powers are shared between the federal government and the thirty-six state governments. 5 Problems Of Federalism In Nigeria And Solutions In some areas where major communal or other social antagonism cuts across territorial boundaries, ranging through all the federating units, communities or classes have been driven to seek to protect or strengthen their position by inter-territorial union. All rights reserved. On the contrary it has also been suggested that is created more diversity and conflict for the nation to grapple with. Also see: Historical constitutional development in Nigeria explained. 7. This marginalization is evinced by untold hardships such as poverty, lack of infrastructure for health care and education, and generally impaired wellbeing. But before moving to the crux of this article, we will be looking briefly at the meaning and history of federalism in Nigeria. These maladies have led to a renewal of the call for secession by the South-Eastern ethnic group of Nigeria for a Republic of Biafra, on the basis that they are being short-changed in the political cum socio-economic largess accumulating from the Centre. Introduction In a statement on the 2015 Nigerian General Elections the Freedom House (2015a) congratulated Nigerians for an election that appears to be one of the smoothest and least violent in Nigeria's "There are reasons why some nation-states opt for federalism. Fiscal federalism, sub-national revolts and internal colonialism in Nigeria In recent times, specifically in post 2015 general election, there have been new waves of agitations for the Biafra republic by both Movement for Actualization of Sovereign State of Biafra and Indigenous People of Biafra on one hand and for Niger Delta republic by Niger Delta Avengers on the other, added to terrorism and militancy that are already threatening Nigeria fragile state. As a result of this, it has brought about the cry of the minorities clamoring for their own state. Levoluzione del federalismo nigeriano tra conflitti etnici e transizioni democratiche. Prior to independence, it is believed that the British adopted federalism because it favored their interest. 1. INTERNAL COLONIALISM IN NIGERIA Some of the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria are the diversity of the nation and the desire for political, cultural and social identity of a people of over 250 ethnic groups, several languages, diversities and a lot of political traditions; the desire for some form of In light of this, a constitution is said to be federal when its operates two levels of government, that is the federal and state, and each of this level exercise its different powers without interference by the other level. Power Sharing Formula *$( %2%(,-/0/#484.7*./. C There is no doubt that geographical factored are one of the influential reasons for federalism in Nigeria. Pls visit us again dear reader. PDF Federal Theory and Federalism in Africa Berihun Gebeye - McGill University As a heterogeneous state, Nigeria operates a federal structure which accommodates a Central government and sub-national, otherwise, state governments with several other municipal administrations; local government, therefore enabling a tripartite level of governance. So, what are the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? By way of conclusion, it is imperative to know that the reason why Nigeria is still practicing federalism today is because the system seems to be suitable for our political value and culture. The Complete Material Will Be Sent To Your . The Journal of Pan African Studies, vol.8, no.2, . It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide That notwithstanding, The origin and concept of federalism boasts of a very popular definition by an American scholar, K.C. Generally speaking, one of the reasons for federalism is common historical or ancestral background. READ ALSO: History of democracy in Nigeria from 1960. Ethnic Minorities and Federalism in Nigeria - JSTOR Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Dear Chidera, federalism allows the creation of ethnic-based federating units (States). This post will give you some insight into why federalism was adopted as the system of governance in Nigeria. June 1,2022 3 Reasons for federal system of government in Nigeria 3.1 1. By the time Nigeria got her independence, the various party involved had been regionally based. The history of Ijaw, Edo, Igala, Yoruba, Igbo, Nupe and Hausa Kingdoms are enriched with social-political relationships that existed before the emergence of the white man. /F4 15 0 R Why indirect rule succeeded in Northern Nigeria, SEE REASONS HERE. Therefore, striking an acceptable delicate balance between these two divides, has, time and again, become a well known problematic world over. 74 . ICT and Its Impact on National Development In Nigeria: An Overview There may be no point, of course, boring ones moment with such lengthy activity of working out their conceptual nuances. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. The contradictions generated by this rigional arrangement threatened Nigeria unity. Federalism in Nigeria. This was many times more the population of most African countries then. Instead of designing a government that should unite the different elements in Nigeria, the colonialists fully adopted federal stem of government in 1954 and created greater regional autonomy. Problems of Nigerian Federalism 1) Revenue Allocation: This has been a problem in Nigeria. In Nigeria, there are different and distinct ethnic groups brought together by colonization. Regrettably, this system is founded on a militarily-conceived constitution lacking a fully enforceable bill of rights and clear governmental functions. /F6 21 0 R PDF Department Of Economics University Of Ilorin | freewebmasterhelp RESTRUCTURE OR DISINTEGRATE, OFFICIAL CORRUPTION AND THE DILEMA OF INSTABILITY IN NIGERIA, The Rationale for AfSol in Peace and Security: The Global, National and Regional Precipitants, Agitation for Restructuring and Resource Control in Nigeria's Federalism: Issues, Perspectives and the Way Forward, Giving Peace a Chance in Nigeria: The Case for a Preventive Diplomacy, Framing of Neo-Biafra Agitations in Selected Nigerian Newspapers, CRISES OF FEDERALISM IN NIGERIA AND THE FUTURE OF THE MIDDLE BELT REGION, Social Media and Hate Speech: Analysis of Comments on Biafra Agitations, Nigeria. In 1963 Midwestern region was created and Nigeria became a nation of four regions. Also it is more useful to expansiate on them. Nigeria is quite a big country with an area of 923,768 km2. The paper begins by placing the question in an historical context examines its different phases and characters. More importantly, certain heavy but blurred (or fluid) terminologies that define or designate Nigerias federal principle, which are highly pertinent to coexistence, have yet compounded the theoretical and practical significance of federalism in Nigeria. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. i dont have my first school leaving certificate. Thus, there is continuous agitation by many ethnic nationalities for a sovereign national conference in order to renegotiate the Nigeria federal deal to put Nigeria on the path of true federalism to guarantee her unity and co-existence. Payment Details. There are Benin and Togo in between Ghana and Nigeria, two of the former British African colonies. NIGERIAN FEDERALISM: A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS - Academia.edu /Filter /FlateDecode Another important factor that necessitated federalism in Nigeria was the political culture of the country. /Parent 2 0 R Nigeria's independence was gotten and founded on the basis of a federalist system of Government. It is also an undisputed fact that the Hausas and Yorubas fought Biafra to keep the unity of Nigeria. is one of the devices built into the federal constitution of Nigeria as a means of achieving unity in diversity. Federalism has been present in Nigeria since the former British colony was reorganized into a federation of three regions in 1946. This paper exploits the growth benefits that ICT sector has provided and its impact on the Nigerian economy. Military administration does not apply the principle of federation. In the case of Nigeria - how the oil money will be (in)judiciously dealt with. Another major reason why federalism was adopted in Nigeria is the multiple ethnic backgrounds in Nigeria.