Consequentialism is a theory that says whether something is good or bad depends on its outcomes. By saying that Jim should shoot the one Indian the consequentialist fails to take into account the impact that this would have on Jims life. In many hospitals and healthcare trusts across the world this is the thought process that is guiding their policies regarding who should be treated in hospitals. All rights reserved. 2013;118:1-9. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-53501-6.00001-9. Much of medical law is consequentialist in nature. Managing ongoing swallow safety through information-sharing: An ethnography of speech and language therapists and nurses at work on stroke units. Wired. Implementing machine learning in health careaddressing ethical challenges. Something is then considered "wrong" if it creates the opposite reaction. So whilst both acts are morally abhorrent, the consequentialist will inevitably say that if these are the only options available then not only should we choose to massacre seven million, but that it would be right to do so. Undark. A consequence of consequentialism, however, is that it fails to respect the integrity of the individuals involved. Consequentialism and the Law in Medicine - PubMed Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. https://research.nhgri.nih.gov/atlas/. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. The consequentialist could retort that in calculating what course of action is right, the individuals integrity can be taken into account. PDF "Principlism" and frameworks in public health ethics - NCCHPP The lack of respect for the integrity of the individual is raised by Bernard Williams' famous 'Jim and the . These can be thought of as rules or duties that we have to ourselves and to others regardless of their consequences. John Stuart Mill, a student of Benthams, disagreed. MIT Technology Review. AWB. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. Consequentialism. Consequentialism claims that whether an action is right or wrong depends on the consequences that it brings about. Consequentialism is an attractive ethical approach because it provides clear and practical guidance at least in situations where outcomes are easy to predict. Bina RW, Langevin JP. Nurses' tension-based ethical decision making in rural acute care settings. Public health ethics only began to gain prominence as a distinct field within bioethics around the year 2000 and its proponents have had the task of defining it as distinct from medical ethics due to the distinct nature of public health (e.g., Childress et al., 2002, p. 170; Dawson, 2011, p. 1; Upshur, 2002, p. 101). 1828 Words8 Pages. As there is a buzz of chatter and activity presently in Trinidad and Tobago's ' gangland' one cannot dismiss the propensity of consequentialism surfacing. health. When a service user is speaking to a health care professional it is important for them to listen properly, for example not looking around and yawning, instead make eye contact and ensuring body language looks engaging. Geriatr Nurs. The principle of utilitarianism invites us to consider the immediate and the less immediate consequences of our actions. Articles. December 9, 2017. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320316.php. Climate Change Indicators: Health and Society | US EPA First published Wed Nov 21, 2007; substantive revision Fri Oct 30, 2020. Facial recognition technology (FRT) utilizes software to map a persons facial characteristics and then store the data as a face template.1 Algorithms or machine learning techniques are applied to a database to compare facial images or to find patterns in facial features for verification or authentication purposes.2 FRT is attractive for a variety of health care applications, such as diagnosing genetic disorders, monitoring patients, and providing health indicator information (related to behavior, aging, longevity, or pain experience, for example).3-5, FRT is likely to become a useful tool for diagnosing many medical and genetic conditions.6,7 Machine learning techniques, in which a computer program is trained on a large data set to recognize patterns and generates its own algorithms on the basis of learning,8 have already been used to assist in diagnosing a patient with a rare genetic disorder that had not been identified after years of clinical effort.9 Machine learning can also detect more subtle correlations between facial morphology and genetic disorders than clinicians.4 It is thought that FRT can therefore eventually be used to assist in earlier detection and treatment of genetic disorders,10,11 and computer applications (commonly known as apps) such as Face2Gene have been developed to assist clinicians in diagnosing genetic disorders.12, FRT has other potential health care applications. Frontiers | On Consequentialism and Fairness Also, it is advantageous because there is no guesswork; the physician does not have to predictconsequences because while . Consequentialism Consequentialism is a type of teleological theory -- consequentialist theories suggest that the moral value, the moral rightness or wrongness of an act, is entirely a function of the consequences, or the results of that act. New York, NY: New York University Press; 2011. Impact on Human Health Due to Ghaggar Water Pollution Would you like email updates of new search results? Biom Technol Today. This will take a team effort and true representation of humility and togetherness. Cloud-assisted speech and face recognition framework for health monitoring. Deontology Essay Examples | Essay Sample On Deontology To identify the values, beliefs and contextual influences that inform decision-making. Participants and context: Participants were interviewed about their contribution to the resolution of ethical dilemmas within the context of working in an acute hospital ward. Findings: Designer Babies: Where Should We Draw the Line? Epub 2015 Jan 6. As with any new health technology, careful attention should be paid to the accuracy and validity of FRT used in health care applications as well as to informed consent and reporting incidental findings to patients. Particularly in Italy, where the death toll and strain on hospitals has reached a critical point, there is a policy now to prioritise treating younger patients and healthcare workers. The peace that seems within reach, the reduction of gun related crimes and homicides, the dream of borderless territories and the future of a society that bears the fertile ground of excellence and achievement, can now be balanced on the spectrum of consequentialism. On the one hand, the use of FRT to monitor the safety of dementia patients could be perceived as having benefits that outweigh the burdens of surveillance. March 2018. https://medium.com/ibm-watson-data-lab/keeping-your-machine-learning-models-up-to-date-f1ead546591b. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). 1. "The rationale isn't that they're more worthy; it's that they can contribute in the longer run to saving more lives.". 13 Advantages and Disadvantages of Utilitarianism Theory - Green Garage Haahr A, Norlyk A, Martinsen B, Dreyer P. Nurs Ethics. Consequentialism Summary & Theories - Study.com Rule-consequentialism avoids a number of problems which have caused trouble to act-consequentialists. Consequentialism focuses on promoting the best consequences, but what kind of consequences are the best? I discuss this possibility briefly, and then set it aside. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Some of the moral philosophers associated with this theory include Jeremy Bentham, David Hume, Henry Sidgwick and many others. The use of FRT in health care suggests the importance of informed consent, data input and analysis quality, effective communication about incidental findings, and potential influence on patient-clinician relationships. Williams furthers this explanation; making the best of a bad job is one of its maxims, and it will have something to say even on the difference between massacring seven million, and massacring seven million and one (Consequentialism and its Critics, 1988). You can read four articles free per month. . 2022 Jan 6;10(1):12. doi: 10.3390/pharmacy10010012. consequentialism in what makes the patient and everyone else happy with the outcome, and societal impacts with regards to the distribution of resources and the overall positive outcome to society. While FRT systems in health care can de-identify data, some experts are skeptical that such data can be truly anonymized21; from clinical and ethical perspectives, informing patients about this kind of risk is critical. Epub 2011 Dec 6. Killing the one Indian is going to have a profound effect on Jims life but for the consequentialist, Jims values are irrelevant. Ethical Theory (I) - Consequentialism - Healthcare Ethics and Law Principlism (synonym: principle-based ethics) is an approach to applied ethics based on (1) a framework of prima-facie (i.e., nonabsolute) moral principles, (2) specification as a method for bringing moral norms to bear on concrete cases and issues, (3) analyzing problems of applied ethics in terms of their underlying conflicts of norms, (4 . 01 December 2016. One recent example that gained notoriety was an FRT system used to identify gay men from a set of photos that may have simply identified the kind of grooming and dress habits stereotypically associated with gay men.30 The developers of this FRT system did not intend it to be used for a clinical purpose but rather to illustrate how bias can influence FRT findings.30, Thankfully, potential solutions for addressing bias in FRT systems exist. arXiv. The other way of thinking about the relationship is the focus of this paper. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. If this is demanded of all moral agents, then general unhappiness is likely to ensue rather than the opposite. The viewpoints expressed in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the AMA. The question that concerns me, is, to what extent is a normative theory, consequentialism in particular, constrained by requirements that stem from