rajatarangini was translated into persian by rajatarangini was translated into persian by

After that, the English translation appeared under the aegis of the Asiatic Society in 1835 and the French translation in 1852. His customary applied system, involving careless presumptions and faith in the artists job as a type of moral sayings, makes the glorifying content in his story, especially for the early period, rather predominant. Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. In the early years of his reign, the actual power was held by Sussala. Son of Hiranyakula. The list of kings goes back to the 19th century BCE. Rajatharangini promises to arouse a great deal of interest among readers. [20], Despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity in the earlier books of Rajatarangini. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions The Tusharas did not give a fight but fled to the mountain ranges leaving their horses in the battle field. elsewhere. The king imprisoned Toramana, when the latter stuck royal coins in his own name. Kalhana was an educated and sophisticated Sanskrit scholar, well-connected in the highest political circles. He dug profound into such model functions as the Harshacharita and the Brihat-Samhita sagas and utilised with a praiseworthy commonality the neighbourhood rajakathas (regal accounts) and such past chips away at Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthiva Wali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. and is known in general as a publisher willing to take chances with nontraditional Rajatarangini 's first translation into a foreign language was as long ago as in the first decade of the 13th century, by Haidar Malik into Persian. Son of Jayapida and Durgi. Answer. Does adding salt to water increase conductivity? Salhana was deposed and imprisoned. Postmodernism refers to mid to late 20th century. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: River of Kings) historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. This king is identified by some with Huna ruler Toramana, although his successor Mihirakula is placed much earlier by Kalhana.[12]. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. An unpopular king, he was killed. Kalhana's work uses Kali and Laukika (or Saptarishi) calendar eras: the ascension year in CE, as given below, has been calculated by Dutt based on Kalhana's records. Gave lands to Brahmins. His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. He was said to belong to the family of an ancestor called Partha, who was described as a second Partha (an allusion to the Mahabharata hero Arjuna). Sanskrit Subscriber Only Stories View All Buy 2-year plan with SD20 code for special price . However, the intent of the translations has been insufficiently analyzed in the context of the interrelationship between Orientalist and nationalist projects and the historical and literary ideas that informed them. It describes almost two centuries of the old and early middle age history of the Valley. [6], (Note the confusion of dates in this and the following sections. His queen eloped with a Buddhist monk, so he destroyed the Buddhist monasteries and gave their land to the Brahmins. Son of Durlabhavardhana and Anangalekha. Duke University Press publishes approximately one hundred books per year and Zain-ul-Abidin was also known as 'the Akbar of Kashmir'. We also know about the person who built Alai Darwaza and much more about the topic. According to Jonaraja, Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha (Arjuna) of Mahabharata fame. After his family, Godhara of another family ruled (I.95). It is by late Vidwan T.K. Verse 12. Sultan Shihabud-din did not have a large number of soldiers to battle against the Kashgar army. He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. Compared to translations in other languages, Raman Menons craft is remarkable for its lucidity and elegance. Note: Muhammad Shah had five separate reigns from 1484 to 1537.[34]. He was also called the Lalitaditya of Medieval Kashmir as he erected many mosques and monasteries. . From there, Buddhism spread to several other adjoining regions including Central Asia, Tibet and China. His son Jayendra was followed by Samdhimati-Aryaraja (34 BCE-17 CE) who had the soul of Jayendra's minister Sandhimati. Copyright 2019 Sawaal.com | All Rights Reserved. Since the battle was motive-less for the Delhi Sultanate peace concluded between them on a condition that all the territories from Sirhind to Kashmir belong to the Shah Mir empire. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. He established a university in Naushehra and a Darul Tarjuma. Arthashastra , one of the first in the history of Malayalam literature. Kishan Joshi, the Ganga Dhar, the Mahesh, the Mahanand and others. Translations. The minister was persecuted, and ultimately imprisoned because of rumors that he would succeed the king. His half-brother Vijaymalla rebelled against him, and got Harsha released from prison. (Stay up to date on new book releases, reviews, and more with The Hindu On Books newsletter. They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dialects were subtle there from the northwest inside the overdue Bronze Ag. By looking at the inscriptions recording the consecrations of temples and grants by former kings, at laudatory inscriptions and at written works, the trouble arising from many errors has been overcome. Translation of "puhdas" into Persian . It exposes its own biases instead", "Review of Kingship in Kamr (AD11481459). After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. In this article, we will learn about the great ruler, Razia sultan, and the monument, Alai Darwaza. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the Rajatarangini the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. Answer: It is court chronicle that deals with the history of rulers of Kashmir. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). He was deposed by rebellious ministers, and granted asylum by a neighboring king. The Mahabharata, Ramayana, Atharva Veda, Lilawati, Rajatarangini was translated into Persian. Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. How long is MOT certificate normally valid? Kalhana was an educated and sophisticated Sanskrit scholar, well-connected in the highest political circles. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. He was known by his subjects as Bod Shah or Budshah (lit. Jonaraja [18] Waqfs were endowed to shrines, mosques were commissioned, numerous Sufi preachers were provided with jagirs and installed in positions of authority, and feasts were regularly held. He looked up a variety of epigraphic sources relating to royal eulogies, construction of temples, and land grants; he studied coins, monumental remains, family records, and local traditions. (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. Answer: A) Abdul Fazi. It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dialects were subtle there from the northwest inside the overdue Bronze Ag. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Dethroned by Utpalaka's rival Mamma and the latter's son Yashovarman. The famous story of Nala and Damayanti was also rendered into Persian by Faizi and was . Examples translated by humans: MyMemory, World's Largest Translation Memory. Unacademy is Indias largest online learning platform. He was known for his religious tolerance. Hari Parbat is visible in the background. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. [citation needed], He was the next Sultan of Kashmir. [15], He was the only Shah Mir ruler to keep Hindu courtiers in his court. What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: River of Kings) historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. Is domestic violence against men Recognised in India? Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the Kalhana Rajatarangini is a record of the illustrious administrations that administered the realm of Kashmir from its putative starting points to the writers own time. Uchchala's brother; ascended throne with Gargachandra's support, Harsha's grandson, who had escaped Uchchala's revolt. that the material was genuinely picky. Book VII brings the narrative to the death of King Harsha (1101), and Book VIII deals with the stormy events between the death of Harsha and the stabilization of authority under Kalhanas contemporary Jayasimha (reigned 112849). For instance, Marcus Aurel Stein (1900) thought the way of talking and instructional pieces of the Rajatarangini that were in kvya style was essentially detached with the story legitimate, which was recorded, while Buhler arraigned the retreat to legend and fantasy as delivering the sequence of a huge piece of the message worthless and its creator suspect. . The only significance of his rule is that the Sufi saint Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani arrived at Kashmir in his reign. Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. This seems to be official genealogy of the Sultanate. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. He was given the title of Raja by the Mughal emperor Akbar Shah II in the year 1830 as he had gone to England as an envoy of the emperor. The. Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. For 56 years, The Journal of Asian Studies has been rajatarangini of kalhana vol iv - dr. raghunath singh_part3, rajatarangini of kalhana vol ii - dr. raghunath singh_part3, rajatarangini - shri ramtej shastri pandey_part3. After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. Here, the emperor's top scribes and secretaries were given the task of translating a range of Sanskrit texts, including the Rajatarangini (The History of the Kings of Kashmir) and the Ramayana, into Persian. Abstract. In the Karkota family, Lalitapida had a concubine, a daughter of a Kalyapala (IV.678). a 12th century CE writer can be a piece essential in understanding the historical backdrop of Kashmir. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Rajatarangini, paintings of Kalhana written by a 12th ce Answer. His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in the court of Harsha of Kashmir. Utkarsha was imprisoned and committed suicide. Comments have to be in English, and in full sentences. Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. Toromanu is clearly the Huna king of that name, but his father Mihirakula is given a date 700 years earlier. [9][10][11], According to Wink, Shah Mir may have been an Afghan or a Qaruna Turk, or even a Tibetan. He was a religious king, and followed a near-ascetic lifestyle. No examples found, consider adding one please. Learn more topics related to Ancient History of India, Download lessons and learn anytime, anywhere with the Unacademy app, Access free live classes and tests on the app. Fairness: That noble-minded author is alone worthy of praise whose word, like that of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in relating the facts of the past. Sultan Sikandar (1389-1413 CE), was the sixth ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty. In this backdrop, the Malayalam translation called [citation needed]. magnitude of the journals program within the Press is unique among American It does not store any personal data. does also publish two journals of advanced mathematics and a few publications Look through examples of translation in sentences, listen to pronunciation and learn grammar. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Made his brother Sussala the ruler of Lohara. [Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis 7], SlajeWalter", "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Sultans of Kashmir", Baharistan-i-Shahi: A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shah_Mir_dynasty&oldid=1141211558, Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00. He called back the Hindus who had left Kashmir during his father reign and allowed building of temples. was Abul Fazl translated the Panch Tantra (Anwar-i-Sahili) and Faizi the story of NalDamayanti into Persian. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Sandhimati was selected by the citizens as the new ruler. Nephew of Didda. After this battle, the regions of Ladakh and Baltistan which were under the rule of Kashgar came under the rule of Shah Miris.Sultan also marched towards Delhi and the army of Feroz Shah Tughlaq opposed him at the banks of River Satluj. In 1574, Akbar started an Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in his new capital of Fatehpur Sikri. He stopped the killing of cows by means . Among other things that fall within its wide sweep, the work contains references not only to such things as the countrys episodic encounters with China across the border, but also to the depredations of Mahmud Ghazni in Kashmirs neighbourhood around 1013 that portended the eventual Islamic conquest of Kashmir, the land variously heirs to the spiritual heritage of Hindu, Buddhist and Jain faiths. ): "This [king], who did not speak the language of the gods but used vulgar speech fit for drunkards, showed that he was descended from a family of spirit-distillers". But with a small army, he fought and defeated the whole army of Kashgar. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. Such striking historical details aside, the preeminent fact is that Kalhanas is a literary text of extraordinary merit. The work generally records the heritage of Kashmir, but 120 verses of Rjatarangi describe the misrule prevailing in Kashmir during the reign of King Kalash, son of King Ananta Deva of Kashmir. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. Died young. Zain-ul-Abidin is also called as Akbar of Kashmir and Shahjahan of Kashmir on account of religion and development respectively. Kalhana lived in a time of political turmoil in Kashmir, at that time a brilliant center of civilization in a sea of barbarism. These include: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. [22] His policies, like with the previous Hindu rulers, were likely meant to gain access to the immense wealth controlled by Brahminical institutions;[23][22][24] further, Jonaraja's polemics stemmed, atleast in part, from his aversion to the slow disintegration of caste society under Islamic influence. Toramana is clearly the Huna king of that name, but his father Mihirakula is given a date 700 years earlier. Accordingly, translation was no longer confined solitary to an isolated linguistic context and the socio-cultural aspects of translation were emphasized. Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. Because of the rising Buddhist influence, people stopped following the Shaivite, Gonanda III founded a new dynasty. By looking at the inscriptions recording the consecretations of temples and grants by former kings, at laudatory inscriptions and at written works, the trouble arising from many errors has been overcome. [5] The total reign of the following kings is mentioned as 1266 years. Murdered by Radda. The polar ends of the subcontinent that these two regions represent have been lyrically evoked in the familiar poetic description of himavatsethuparyanthaam. And with that touchstone, Kalhanas work can truly lay claim to an important place in world literature itself. From the regulation of commodities to the reviving of old crafts, Abidin did everything for overall development of Kashmir and his subjects. In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. According to Kalhana, Ashoka reigned before 1182 BCE, and was a member of the dynasty founded by Godhara. [12] Kashmiri scholar N. K. Zutshi, having critically examined the sources, reconciles the two versions by noting that the Persian chronicles mentions Swadgir rather than Swat, which he interprets as Swadgabar, meaning "suburbs of Gabar", which coincides with Jonaraja's description of Panchagahvara-Simani (on the borders of Panchagagvara). Barring a successful invasion of Ladakh, Sikandar did not annex any new territory. Among original compositions in Persian, historical literature easily occupied the first place. 10-year-old child of Nirjitavarman; placed on throne by the Tantrins. . The young Chippatajayapida was advised by his maternal uncle Utpalaka or Utpala (IV.679). [2] The dynasty is named after its founder, Shah Mir. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. When did the capital of India shift from Kolkata to New Delhi? translator of the Rajataragini. What was the content of the text the Rajatarangini? Became queen after the death of all male heirs. He filled his court with, Shreshtasena (Pravarasena I / Tungjina II), According to Kalhana, the emperor Vikramditya (alias Harsha) of, Younger brother of Vikramaditya. [19], Jonaraja and later Muslim chroniclers accuse Sikandar of terminating Kashmir's longstanding syncretic culture by persecuting Pandits and destroying numerous Hindu shrines; Suhabhat a Brahman neo-convert and Sikandar's Chief Counsel is particularly blamed for having instigated him. and interdisciplinary publications, both books and journals. Complete Answer: In 1574 Akbar began a Maktab Khana or a place of interpretation works in Fatehpur Sikri. Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse. Uchchala's step-brother; became the king after Radda's death. His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in Harsha of Kashmir's court. Answer. Learn about a brief history of Adi Shankaracharya, one of the most revered teachers in India's spiritual history. Verse 13. Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. [14], Shah Mir worked to establish Islam in Kashmir and was aided by his descendant rulers, specially Sikandar Butshikan. Kashmira Kerala paryanthaamganatantrenashasssitam, Rakshayantujanaasarve, ekachhatramimaammaheem (From Kashmir to Kerala extending and governed by democracy, may all the people protect this lands sovereign unity). The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old-style language, Sanskrit. He wrote the work in Sanskrit between 1148 and 1149. Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. (With his account of the Karkota dynasty, relatively recent at the time he wrote his chronicles, Kalhana's information becomes more consistent with other sources.). The kings of Kashmir described in the Rajatarangini are given below. Kalhana was excellently equipped for the work. Concerning past occasions. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. This quarterly has been published regularly since The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. Translation of " " into Persian . The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". 2011 Duke University Press It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. The Rajatarangini is an epic poem (mahakavya) in Sanskrit running into nearly 8000 verses that are spread over eight books or sections. Kalhana was a poet. He abdicated the throne, and a became a hermit to seek peace. Expelled several irreligious Brahmins who used to eat garlic (non-. university presses. How much salary can I expect in Dublin Ireland after an MS in data analytics for a year? Rajatarangini, paintings of Kalhana written by a 12th century CE writer can be a piece essential in understanding the historical backdrop of Kashmir. His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. The Maurya Empire was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military empire in ancient India, founded by, After a Damodara ("of Ashoka's kula or another"), we have Hushka, Jushka and Kanishka (127147 CE) of the. His admittance to minute subtleties of contemporary court interests was practically immediate: his dad and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: Ranjit Sitaram Pandit The Karkota line came to a close with the usurpation of the throne by Avantivarman, who started the Utpala dynasty in 855. The Hindu Centre for Politics and Public Policy, Supreme Court forms expert panel to probe any regulatory failure on Adani issue, India makes renewed push for consensus at G20 Foreign Ministers meeting, Hindenburg Research report on Adani Group | Supreme Court verdict on expert committee on March 2, High debt on Vedanta books puts investors on tenterhooks, Employees Provident Fund: How to activate UAN online, 1947: Madras Devadasis (Prevention of Dedication) Act passed, RMA 0-1 FCB, El Clasico highlights: Barcelona leads on aggregate after beating Real Madrid courtesy of a Militao own goal. Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the. According to Jogesh Chander Dutt's calculation, this year corresponds to 2448 BCE. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continu Answer. Abu l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state [28] He was defeated by Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin at Thanna with the help of Jasrath Khokhar, a chieftain from Pothohar Plateau. involving the history, arts, social sciences, philosophy, and contemporary He is most remembered for his Advaita Vedantist text, the Dasbodh. thirty journals, primarily in the humanities and social sciences, though it Pratapaditya was a relative of a distant king named Vikrmaditya (II.6). This Vikramaditya is not same as the, Shared the administration with his queen. This article examines two translations of the textone Orientalist and the other nationalistwith the purpose of interrogating these categories, by drawing out the complex engagement between European and indigenous ideas, and the dialogue between past and present that informed their production. Kalhana wrote it was brilliantly prepared for the work. Despite these stated principles, and despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity and a few inconsistencies in the earlier chapters of his book, especially the first three books. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. [19][21] Scholars caution against accepting the allegations at face value and attributing them solely to religious bigotry. Zianu-l Abidin of Kashmir deputed the famous Sanskrit scholar Jonaraja and Srivara for the completion of Rajatarangini to bring the history of Kashmir up-to-date. Deccan education society is an organization which runs 43 education establishments in Maharastra, Pune founded by Bal Gangadhar Tilak. Neither in style nor in authenticity do these works approximate the quality of Kalhanas Rajatarangini. [20][18][19] Economic condition was decent. Discuss, Ram Mohan Roy was given the title of Raja by. Learn about the life of Vallabhacharya, a great saint and philosopher. Gopikrishna Shastri (Ujjain) also translated the work into. Ramcharitmanas , accomplished it in 1969. Rajatarangini . It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. He tried to abduct a Nga woman, who was the wife of a Brahmin. This too appears to be a reference to the ice lingam at Amarnath. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. He allowed the Hindus to build their temples and follow the personal law according to the Dharmashastras. Deposed by the minister Shura. Updates? Zain ul Abidin, a 15th century ruler of Kashmir, appointed scribes to translate the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian with the aim that these translations would give an insight into Hindu philosophy and culture to the rest of the world. View all Google Scholar citations He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. Verse 15. November 1941, offering Asianists a wealth of information unavailable What are three different irrational numbers between the rational numbers 5 by 7 and 9 by 11? Sikander Lodi was succeeded on the throne in 1489. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. in the broad and interdisciplinary area of "theory and history of cultural production," Son of Shankaravarman; ruled with help of his mother Sugandha; Murdered, Brother of Gopalavarman, died soon after ascending the throne. [4] It is known, however, that Mihirakula was the son of Toramana. According to Kalhana, this king "did not speak the language of the gods but used vulgar speech fit for drunkards, showed that he was descended from a family of spirit-distillers" (Stein's translation). for primarily professional audiences (e.g., in law or medicine). However, the intent of the translations has been insufficiently analyzed in the context of the interrelationship between Orientalist and nationalist projects and the historical and literary ideas that informed them. In 1540, the Sultanate was briefly interrupted when Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat, a Chagatai Turco-Mongol military general attacked and occupied Kashmir. Rajatarangini ("The River of Kings") is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of India, particularly the kings of Kashmir. [a] He thinks it more likely that he was a descendant of Turkish or Persian immigrants to Swat, who had intermarried with local indigenous peoples. Little is known about the author Kalhana (c. 12th century CE), apart from what is written in the book. } Horace Hayman Wilson partially translated the work, and wrote an essay based on it, titled The Hindu History of Kashmir (published in Asiatic Researches Volume 15). Nothing is known about his origin. Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. [6], On the other hand, the 15th century Kashmiri historian Jonaraja, writing in the court of Shah Mir's descendant Budshah, states that Shah Mir came to Kashmir along with his tribe from the country of Panchagahvara (identified as the Panjgabbar valley between Rajouri and Budhal). Suvrata's poem, though it has obtained celebrity, does not show dexterity in the exposition of the subject-matter, as it is rendered troublesome [reading] by misplaced learning.